Refers to a medical procedure or treatment in which cells, tissues or organs are obtained from one person and then transplanted into or used in another person who is not genetically identical to the donor.
Refers to a medical procedure or treatment in which a person's own cells or tissues are used for transplantation or therapeutic purposes. For example, in this type of blood stem cell transplant A medical procedure that replaces diseased or damaged blood stem cells with healthy ones. These transplants are commonly used to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, as well as other blood and immune system disorders. blood stem cell transplant A medical procedure that replaces diseased or damaged blood stem cells with healthy ones. These transplants are commonly used to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, as well as other blood and immune system disorders., the patient is both the donor and recipient.
A natural biological process that involves the breakdown and recycling of unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components.
An ultraprecise form of gene editing A type of gene therapy that works by delivering genetic material that can directly edit pieces of DNA within a cell. This changes the instructions the DNA encodes for, which ultimately results in an increase or decrease in the production of a certain protein and the restoration of proper cell function. gene editing A type of gene therapy that works by delivering genetic material that can directly edit pieces of DNA within a cell. This changes the instructions the DNA encodes for, which ultimately results in an increase or decrease in the production of a certain protein and the restoration of proper cell function. that enables scientists to correct single-letter mutations in DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism.. Unlike the gene editing platform CRISPR A gene editing technology that enables scientists to remove, add or alter DNA at precise locations in the genome to prevent, treat or cure disease. One component acts as a navigation system that can be programmed to seek out a particular DNA sequence and the other component acts as a pair of "molecular scissors" that can cut two strands of DNA at that location to enable gene modification. CRISPR A gene editing technology that enables scientists to remove, add or alter DNA at precise locations in the genome to prevent, treat or cure disease. One component acts as a navigation system that can be programmed to seek out a particular DNA sequence and the other component acts as a pair of "molecular scissors" that can cut two strands of DNA at that location to enable gene modification., which cuts both strands of the chromosome to make changes to DNA, base editing An ultraprecise form of gene editing that enables scientists to correct single-letter mutations in DNA. Unlike the gene editing platform CRISPR, which cuts both strands of the chromosome to make changes to DNA, base editing chemically changes one DNA base letter into another — an A to a G, for example — leaving the chromosome intact. base editing An ultraprecise form of gene editing that enables scientists to correct single-letter mutations in DNA. Unlike the gene editing platform CRISPR, which cuts both strands of the chromosome to make changes to DNA, base editing chemically changes one DNA base letter into another — an A to a G, for example — leaving the chromosome intact. chemically changes one DNA base letter into another — an A to a G, for example — leaving the chromosome intact.
Aims to improve scientific theories for a better understanding and prediction of natural phenomena. Discoveries made through basic research can advance our understanding of processes that underlie the development and function of living organisms. Better understanding of how things work sometimes leads to breakthroughs in disease research and treatment.
Combines biology and computational science. It involves analyzing biological data using computational tools, such as algorithms and databases. Bioinformatics helps researchers sift through large amounts of data to understand biological processes, and study genes, proteins and genomes.
A measurable indicator of the severity, presence or risk of a disease. These molecular markers can be found in blood, body fluids or tissues and provide valuable insights into health conditions, disease progression and treatment responses.
An embryo The early developmental stage of a multicellular organism, typically occurring after fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell. embryo The early developmental stage of a multicellular organism, typically occurring after fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell. in its very early stage, usually 5 to 6 days old, that has not implanted or attached to a uterus. It is made up of a small group of inner cells, which will develop into the embryo, and an outer layer of cells, which will develop into the placenta and amniotic membranes.
A medical procedure that replaces diseased or damaged blood stem cells A type of tissue-specific stem cells found in the blood and bone marrow that can form various types of mature blood and immune cells. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining the body's blood supply and immune system by continuously producing new blood cells throughout a person's life. blood stem cells A type of tissue-specific stem cells found in the blood and bone marrow that can form various types of mature blood and immune cells. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining the body's blood supply and immune system by continuously producing new blood cells throughout a person's life. with healthy ones. These transplants are commonly used to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, as well as other blood and immune system disorders.
A type of tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. found in the blood and bone marrow that can form various types of mature blood and immune cells. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining the body's blood supply and immune system by continuously producing new blood cells throughout a person's life.
A type of immunotherapy A type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer, infections and other diseases. This approach has revolutionized cancer care and is also being applied in experimental treatments for HIV, lupus and other conditions. immunotherapy A type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer, infections and other diseases. This approach has revolutionized cancer care and is also being applied in experimental treatments for HIV, lupus and other conditions. in which a patient’s own immune cells, called T cells White blood cells that naturally fight against disease-causing invaders using specialized molecules, called receptors, on their cell surface. The receptors help T cells seek out and destroy virus-infected cells or cancer cells. T cells White blood cells that naturally fight against disease-causing invaders using specialized molecules, called receptors, on their cell surface. The receptors help T cells seek out and destroy virus-infected cells or cancer cells., are programmed to attack tumor cells. Doctors do this by applying a special cancer-recognizing receptor, referred to as a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR, to each T cell using gene therapy A technique that uses a gene or gene(s) to prevent, treat or cure a disease or disorder. Most gene therapies work by adding a healthy version of a gene to replace one that is defective or missing into the genome of particular cells. Some of these therapies use viral vectors to deliver genes into target cells. gene therapy A technique that uses a gene or gene(s) to prevent, treat or cure a disease or disorder. Most gene therapies work by adding a healthy version of a gene to replace one that is defective or missing into the genome of particular cells. Some of these therapies use viral vectors to deliver genes into target cells.. The cells are then reintroduced to the patient by infusion.
Tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. Tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. found in the heart that are capable of limited self-renewal When stem cells self-renew, they divide to make identical copies of themselves. self-renewal When stem cells self-renew, they divide to make identical copies of themselves. and differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. into heart muscle cells and the cells that make up the interior lining of blood vessels. These cells are found in very small numbers in the adult body and cannot currently be produced in large enough quantities in the lab to be useful in regenerative medicine A field focused on developing and applying new therapies and techniques to repair, replace or regenerate tissues and organs and restore function that has been lost due to aging, disease, injury or genetic defects. regenerative medicine A field focused on developing and applying new therapies and techniques to repair, replace or regenerate tissues and organs and restore function that has been lost due to aging, disease, injury or genetic defects. applications.
The crucial process by which undifferentiated cells receive molecular signals and genetic cues that guide them towards developing into specific cell types with distinct functions. This process is essential for the formation of various tissues and organs during embryonic development and plays a role in tissue regeneration in adults.
The process of altering histone proteins or DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. sequences to regulate gene expression. It occurs before transcription and allows cells to control which genes are active. By modifying chromatin structure, cells can fine-tune gene activity, impacting development, health and disease.
A type of medical research focused on the study of health and disease in humans. It helps translate basic and translational research Research that focuses on “translating” discoveries into clinical practice. This research involves applying discoveries made in a lab into diagnostics, therapies and treatments that can directly benefit patients. translational research Research that focuses on “translating” discoveries into clinical practice. This research involves applying discoveries made in a lab into diagnostics, therapies and treatments that can directly benefit patients. into new treatments and information that can be used to improve patient care. There are two main types: observational studies and clinical trials.
A research study conducted with human participants to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, interventions, drugs or medical devices.
A gene editing A type of gene therapy that works by delivering genetic material that can directly edit pieces of DNA within a cell. This changes the instructions the DNA encodes for, which ultimately results in an increase or decrease in the production of a certain protein and the restoration of proper cell function. gene editing A type of gene therapy that works by delivering genetic material that can directly edit pieces of DNA within a cell. This changes the instructions the DNA encodes for, which ultimately results in an increase or decrease in the production of a certain protein and the restoration of proper cell function. technology that enables scientists to remove, add or alter DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. at precise locations in the genome to prevent, treat or cure disease. One component acts as a navigation system that can be programmed to seek out a particular DNA sequence and the other component acts as a pair of "molecular scissors" that can cut two strands of DNA at that location to enable gene modification.
The process by which stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features.
These models use lab-grown cell structures made from patient tissue samples to study human disease outside of the body. Cells are reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, then transformed into different cell types, allowing scientists to study disease processes in a controlled environment. They differ from organoids, which offer a more complex and organ-specific perspective, capturing cellular diversity and interactions.
Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism.
The early developmental stage of a multicellular organism, typically occurring after fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell.
Pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. that give rise to every cell type in the adult body. They are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst An embryo in its very early stage, usually 5 to 6 days old, that has not implanted or attached to a uterus. It is made up of a small group of inner cells, which will develop into the embryo, and an outer layer of cells, which will develop into the placenta and amniotic membranes. blastocyst An embryo in its very early stage, usually 5 to 6 days old, that has not implanted or attached to a uterus. It is made up of a small group of inner cells, which will develop into the embryo, and an outer layer of cells, which will develop into the placenta and amniotic membranes..
A wide range of external and internal factors that impact human health. External exposures include chemical pollutants, radiation, diet and social interactions. Internal exposures involve stress, metabolism and the microbiome. Researchers study the exposome, which encompasses all exposures throughout life, to understand disease risk.
The field of study focused on the dynamic network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. that can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. With modern DNA sequencing technology, scientists can measure epigenetic marks across an entire genome.
The network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. that can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Changes in the epigenome The network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA that can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Changes in the epigenome can be influenced by the environment and can play a role in a person's health and disease. epigenome The network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA that can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Changes in the epigenome can be influenced by the environment and can play a role in a person's health and disease. can be influenced by the environment and can play a role in a person's health and disease.
Particles naturally released by cells that carry proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules, surrounded by a double layer of lipid (fat) similar to a cell membrane. These vesicles plat a crucial role in intercellular communication, transferring essential molecules between cells.
Excessive scarring within an organ due to disrupted healing. It can lead to organ dysfunction and is associated with conditions like chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis and heart failure.
A type of gene therapy A technique that uses a gene or gene(s) to prevent, treat or cure a disease or disorder. Most gene therapies work by adding a healthy version of a gene to replace one that is defective or missing into the genome of particular cells. Some of these therapies use viral vectors to deliver genes into target cells. gene therapy A technique that uses a gene or gene(s) to prevent, treat or cure a disease or disorder. Most gene therapies work by adding a healthy version of a gene to replace one that is defective or missing into the genome of particular cells. Some of these therapies use viral vectors to deliver genes into target cells. that works by delivering genetic material that can directly edit pieces of DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. within a cell. This changes the instructions the DNA encodes for, which ultimately results in an increase or decrease in the production of a certain protein and the restoration of proper cell function.
A technique that uses a gene or gene(s) to prevent, treat or cure a disease or disorder. Most gene therapies work by adding a healthy version of a gene to replace one that is defective or missing into the genome of particular cells. Some of these therapies use viral vectors to deliver genes into target cells.
Also known as gametes, germ cells are reproductive cells that carry 50% of the genetic information of a typical cell. These specialized cells play a crucial role in reproduction, developing into sperm cells in males and egg cells in females.
FDA regulations that assure the safety, identity, strength, quality and purity of cell, gene and drug products by requiring adequate control of manufacturing for these products.
A powerful technology that reads the sequence of large quantities of DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. molecules simultaneously, collecting millions of data points in parallel and enabling researchers to map organisms’ unique genetic code.
A type of treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer, infections and other diseases. This approach has revolutionized cancer care and is also being applied in experimental treatments for HIV, lupus and other conditions.
A process, procedure or study performed in a test tube or lab dish rather than in a living organism.
A process, procedure or study performed on or in a living organism.
iPS cells are cells taken from a patient that are reprogrammed so that they can undergo differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. into any type of cell in the body. By maintaining the genetic code of the patient, iPS cells play a crucial role in disease modeling and regenerative medicine A field focused on developing and applying new therapies and techniques to repair, replace or regenerate tissues and organs and restore function that has been lost due to aging, disease, injury or genetic defects. regenerative medicine A field focused on developing and applying new therapies and techniques to repair, replace or regenerate tissues and organs and restore function that has been lost due to aging, disease, injury or genetic defects..
A request for FDA authorization to administer an investigational drug or biological product to humans in a clinical trial A research study conducted with human participants to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, interventions, drugs or medical devices. clinical trial A research study conducted with human participants to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, interventions, drugs or medical devices..
A natural biochemical process of modifying certain structures within DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. that plays crucial roles during development and differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features.. Dysregulation of this process is linked to diseases like cancer, loss-of-imprinting syndromes and neurological disorders. Additionally, DNA methylation A natural biochemical process of modifying certain structures within DNA that plays crucial roles during development and differentiation. Dysregulation of this process is linked to diseases like cancer, loss-of-imprinting syndromes and neurological disorders. Additionally, DNA methylation patterns vary across cells, tissues and organisms, with changes occurring as we age. methylation A natural biochemical process of modifying certain structures within DNA that plays crucial roles during development and differentiation. Dysregulation of this process is linked to diseases like cancer, loss-of-imprinting syndromes and neurological disorders. Additionally, DNA methylation patterns vary across cells, tissues and organisms, with changes occurring as we age. patterns vary across cells, tissues and organisms, with changes occurring as we age.
The biological process that shapes a cell, tissue or organism, determining its form during development. It involves mechanical forces generated by cells and can be influenced by genetic programs. Abnormal morphogenesis is termed dysmorphogenesis.
Short for messenger ribonucleic acid, this single-stranded molecular plays a crucial role in protein synthesis within cells. Specifically, it is carries the genetic information encoded in DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. to the ribosomes, where it is "read" to assemble proteins based on the code.
A type of tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. found in the brain and spinal cord. These cells play a crucial role in the development, maintenance and repair of the brain and nervous system throughout a person's life.
A type of clinical research A type of medical research focused on the study of health and disease in humans. It helps translate basic and translational research into new treatments and information that can be used to improve patient care. There are two main types: observational studies and clinical trials. clinical research A type of medical research focused on the study of health and disease in humans. It helps translate basic and translational research into new treatments and information that can be used to improve patient care. There are two main types: observational studies and clinical trials. that seeks to identify and analyze patterns using study participants’ medical data including their health, habits or environment, as well as biological samples such as tissue or blood. Unlike in clinical trials, no specific interventions are used.
A type of "universal" cell therapy that can safely be used in any person. These experimental therapies rely on healthy donor cells that — either due to their unique properties or thanks to genetic modification — do not carry the risk of being rejected by patients' immune systems. Because these therapies do not have to be manufactured on a patient-specific Refers to a therapeutic product that is specifically formulated for or customized to a particular patient. In patient-specific cell therapies, a patient's cells are either genetically engineered, expanded or reprogrammed and differentiated to produce cells that same patient needs for treatment. patient-specific Refers to a therapeutic product that is specifically formulated for or customized to a particular patient. In patient-specific cell therapies, a patient's cells are either genetically engineered, expanded or reprogrammed and differentiated to produce cells that same patient needs for treatment. basis, they can benefit more patients and reach them in a faster, more cost-effective way.
3D tissue grown from stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. to replicate aspects of the structure and function of an organ. By modeling how multiple types of cells interact in biologically-relevant structures, these models help researchers understand how human organs develop, age and respond to disease in more detail than 2D cultures.
Refers to a therapeutic product that is specifically formulated for or customized to a particular patient. In patient-specific Refers to a therapeutic product that is specifically formulated for or customized to a particular patient. In patient-specific cell therapies, a patient's cells are either genetically engineered, expanded or reprogrammed and differentiated to produce cells that same patient needs for treatment. patient-specific Refers to a therapeutic product that is specifically formulated for or customized to a particular patient. In patient-specific cell therapies, a patient's cells are either genetically engineered, expanded or reprogrammed and differentiated to produce cells that same patient needs for treatment. cell therapies, a patient's cells are either genetically engineered, expanded or reprogrammed and differentiated to produce cells that same patient needs for treatment.
The capacity some cells have to switch from one cell type to another and — in some cases — back again. The plasticity The capacity some cells have to switch from one cell type to another and — in some cases — back again. The plasticity of certain tissue-specific stem cells enables them to transform into cell types that would normally be considered outside their normal range of differentiation. plasticity The capacity some cells have to switch from one cell type to another and — in some cases — back again. The plasticity of certain tissue-specific stem cells enables them to transform into cell types that would normally be considered outside their normal range of differentiation. of certain tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. tissue-specific stem cells Mature stem cells that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells, they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age. enables them to transform into cell types that would normally be considered outside their normal range of differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features..
Stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. Stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. that can undergo self-renewal When stem cells self-renew, they divide to make identical copies of themselves. self-renewal When stem cells self-renew, they divide to make identical copies of themselves. and differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells Pluripotent stem cells that give rise to every cell type in the adult body. They are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst. embryonic stem cells Pluripotent stem cells that give rise to every cell type in the adult body. They are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst. and induced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells are cells taken from a patient that are reprogrammed so that they can undergo differentiation into any type of cell in the body. By maintaining the genetic code of the patient, iPS cells play a crucial role in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. induced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells are cells taken from a patient that are reprogrammed so that they can undergo differentiation into any type of cell in the body. By maintaining the genetic code of the patient, iPS cells play a crucial role in disease modeling and regenerative medicine..
Descendants of stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. that can further differentiate to produce one or more specialized cell types. They are more limited than pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. in that they cannot self-renew indefinitely and can only produce a limited range of specific cell types. For example, neural progenitor cells Descendants of stem cells that can further differentiate to produce one or more specialized cell types. They are more limited than pluripotent stem cells in that they cannot self-renew indefinitely and can only produce a limited range of specific cell types. For example, neural progenitor cells can only produce neurons. progenitor cells Descendants of stem cells that can further differentiate to produce one or more specialized cell types. They are more limited than pluripotent stem cells in that they cannot self-renew indefinitely and can only produce a limited range of specific cell types. For example, neural progenitor cells can only produce neurons. can only produce neurons.
A state in which a cell is not actively dividing but has retained the ability to resume proliferating in response to certain stimuli including injury and changes in its environment.
A field focused on developing and applying new therapies and techniques to repair, replace or regenerate tissues and organs and restore function that has been lost due to aging, disease, injury or genetic defects.
In stem cell research, scientists can reprogram cells that have undergone differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features. differentiation The process by which stem cells transform into specific, specialized cell types with distinct functions and features., such as skin or blood cells, to revert back into an embryonic-like state. The resulting cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells are cells taken from a patient that are reprogrammed so that they can undergo differentiation into any type of cell in the body. By maintaining the genetic code of the patient, iPS cells play a crucial role in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. induced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells are cells taken from a patient that are reprogrammed so that they can undergo differentiation into any type of cell in the body. By maintaining the genetic code of the patient, iPS cells play a crucial role in disease modeling and regenerative medicine..
Short for RiboNucleic Acid, this molecule carries genetic messages from DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. and is found inside living cells. These messages tell cells to make the proteins that play many critical roles in the body.
A process by which a newly-made precursor messenger RNA Short for RiboNucleic Acid, this molecule carries genetic messages from DNA and is found inside living cells. These messages tell cells to make the proteins that play many critical roles in the body. RNA Short for RiboNucleic Acid, this molecule carries genetic messages from DNA and is found inside living cells. These messages tell cells to make the proteins that play many critical roles in the body. (pre- mRNA Short for messenger ribonucleic acid, this single-stranded molecular plays a crucial role in protein synthesis within cells. Specifically, it is carries the genetic information encoded in DNA to the ribosomes, where it is "read" to assemble proteins based on the code. mRNA Short for messenger ribonucleic acid, this single-stranded molecular plays a crucial role in protein synthesis within cells. Specifically, it is carries the genetic information encoded in DNA to the ribosomes, where it is "read" to assemble proteins based on the code.) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). By removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and splicing back together exons (coding regions), this process ensures that the final mRNA molecule can be used by the cellular machinery to translate the DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. DNA Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is a double-stranded molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for living organisms. Composed of four chemical bases, DNA encodes the instructions necessary for protein synthesis and governs the development, function, and inheritance of traits in an organism. code into protein.
When stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. self-renew, they divide to make identical copies of themselves.
The natural process by which a cell permanently stops dividing but does not die. As we age, the number of senescent cells in our bodies increases, which can lead to functional decline and may contribute to age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and cancer.
Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves.
White blood cells that naturally fight against disease-causing invaders using specialized molecules, called receptors, on their cell surface. The receptors help T cells seek out and destroy virus-infected cells or cancer cells.
Mature stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. stem cells Cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves. that are found in many adult organs and tissues (such as the brain and muscles). Unlike pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiation to become any cell type found in the body. The two major types used in research are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells., they can only produce the cell types found in the organ or tissue they inhabit. They're responsible for replacing cells that have been lost due to natural wear and tear, injury and illness throughout life; however, their ability to do so decreases with age.
Research that focuses on “translating” discoveries into clinical practice. This research involves applying discoveries made in a lab into diagnostics, therapies and treatments that can directly benefit patients.
A modified virus that is used as a vehicle to deliver genetic material — such as a working gene — directly into a cell's genetic code. They are used in many gene therapies, some vaccines and in basic research Aims to improve scientific theories for a better understanding and prediction of natural phenomena. Discoveries made through basic research can advance our understanding of processes that underlie the development and function of living organisms. Better understanding of how things work sometimes leads to breakthroughs in disease research and treatment. basic research Aims to improve scientific theories for a better understanding and prediction of natural phenomena. Discoveries made through basic research can advance our understanding of processes that underlie the development and function of living organisms. Better understanding of how things work sometimes leads to breakthroughs in disease research and treatment..